Ixesha elide, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kubomi babahlali.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngophuhliso lweefomathi ezintsha ezinje nge-e-commerce, ukuhanjiswa okucacileyo, kunye nokuthatha, ukusetyenziswa kweebhokisi zeplastiki zesidlo sasemini kunye nokupakishwa kweplastiki kunyuke ngokukhawuleza, okukhokelela kuMthombo omtsha kunye noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo.Ukulahlwa ngokungacwangciswanga kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kuya kubangela “ungcoliseko olumhlophe”, kwaye kukho imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo ekuphathweni ngokungafanelekanga kwenkunkuma yeplastiki.Ke, unolwazi olungakanani malunga neziseko zenkunkuma yeplastiki?
01 Yintoni iplastiki?Iplastiki luhlobo lwekhompawundi ephezulu yeemolekyuli, eligama eliqhelekileyo lokuzaliswa, iplastiki, imibala kunye nezinye izinto zokwenza i-thermoplastic, kwaye iyinxalenye yosapho lweepolima eziphezulu ze-organic organic.
02 Ukuhlelwa kweeplastiki Ngokweempawu zeplastiki emva kokubumba, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini zeeplastiki zezinto:i-thermoplastic kunye ne-thermosetting.I-Thermoplastic luhlobo lwe-chain linear structure, ethi ithambile emva kokuba ishushu kwaye inokuphinda imveliso ngamaxesha amaninzi.Iplastiki ye-thermosetting ine-network molecular structure, eyaba yi-deformation esisigxina emva kokuba iqhutywe ngubushushu kwaye ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ikopishwe.
03 Zeziphi iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo ebomini?
Iimveliso zeplastiki eziqhelekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla zibandakanya ikakhulu: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polystyrene (PS), i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) kunye ne-polyester (PET).Ukusetyenziswa kwazo:
Iiplastiki zePolyethylene (PE, kuquka i-HDPE kunye ne-LDPE) zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha;Iplastiki yePolypropylene (PP) isoloko isetyenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha kunye neebhokisi zokuthengisa, njl.;Iplastiki yePolystyrene (PS) idla ngokusetyenziswa njengeekhushini ze-foam kunye neebhokisi zokutya kwasemini okukhawulezayo, njl.;Iplastiki ye-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) isoloko isetyenziswa njengamathoyizi, izitya, njl.;Iplastiki yepolyester (PET) isoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza iibhotile zesiselo, njl.
Iplastiki ikhona yonke indawo
04 Yaya phi yonke inkunkuma yeplastiki?Emva kokuba iplastiki ilahliwe, kukho iindawo ezine zokutshiswa, itiphu, ukurisayikilishwa, kunye nokusingqongileyo kwendalo.Ingxelo yophando epapashwe kwi-Science Advances nguRoland Geyer kunye noJenna R. Jambeck kwi-2017 yabonisa ukuba ukususela ngo-2015, abantu bavelise iitoni ze-8.3 yeebhiliyoni zeemveliso zeplastiki kwiminyaka eyi-70 edlulileyo, apho i-6.3 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni zalahlwa.Malunga ne-9% yazo iyarisayikilishwa, i-12% iyatshiswa, kwaye i-79% igalelwe inkunkuma okanye ilahliwe.
Iiplastiki zizinto ezenziwe ngumntu ekunzima ukuthotywa kwaye zibole ngokucothayo phantsi kweemeko zendalo.Xa ingena kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma, ithatha iminyaka emalunga nama-200 ukuya kuma-400 ukuthoba isidima, nto leyo eya kunciphisa amandla etiphu ukulahla inkunkuma;ukuba itshiswe ngokuthe ngqo, iya kubangela ungcoliseko lwesibini olumandla kokusingqongileyo.Xa iplastiki itshiswa, kungekhona nje umsi omkhulu omnyama owenziweyo, kodwa kunye ne-dioxins ziveliswa.Nakwiplanti yokutshisa inkunkuma yobuchwephesha, kuyafuneka ukuba ulawule ngokungqongqo ubushushu (ngaphezu kwama-850°C), kwaye uqokelele uthuthu lwempukane emva kokutshiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni luqiniswe ukuze lugcinwe.Kungale ndlela kuphela apho igesi yombane ekhutshwa yiplanti yokutshisa idibana ne-EU 2000 standard , Ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo.
Inkunkuma iqulethe inkunkuma eninzi yeplastiki, kwaye ukutshisa ngokuthe ngqo kulula ukuvelisa i-dioxin, i-carcinogen enamandla.
Ukuba zilahliwe kwindawo yendalo, ngaphezu kokubangela ungcoliseko olubonakalayo ebantwini, ziya kubangela neengozi ezininzi ezinokubakho kwindalo esingqongileyo: umzekelo, 1. kuchaphazela uphuhliso lwezolimo.Ixesha lokuthotywa kweemveliso zeplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngoku kwilizwe lethu zihlala zithatha iminyaka engama-200.Iifilimu zezolimo ezilahlwayo kunye neengxowa zeplastiki kwifama zishiywe entsimini ixesha elide.Iimveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo zixutywa emhlabeni kwaye ziqokelelana ngokuqhubekayo, okuya kuchaphazela ukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo zizityalo kwaye zithintele ukuveliswa kwezityalo.Uphuhliso, olukhokelela ekucuthekeni kwezivuno zezityalo kunye nokuwohloka kokusingqongileyo komhlaba.2. Isisongelo kubomi bezilwanyana.Iimveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwa emhlabeni okanye emanzini ziyaginywa njengokutya zizilwanyana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwazo.
Iminenga eyafa ngokutya ngempazamo iingxowa zeplastiki ezingama-80 (zinobunzima obuzi-8kg)
Nangona inkunkuma yeplastiki iyingozi, ayikho "inkohlakalo".Amandla ayo okutshabalalisa ahlala ebotshelelwa kwizinga eliphantsi lokurisayikilishwa.Iiplastiki zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe njengemathiriyeli ekrwada zokwenza iiplastiki, imathiriyeli yokuvelisa ubushushu kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla, ukuguqula inkunkuma ibe bubutyebi.Le yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokulahla inkunkuma yeplastiki.
05 Zeziphi iiteknoloji zokurisayikilisha iiplastiki ezilahlwayo?
Inyathelo lokuqala: ingqokelela eyahlukileyo.
Eli linyathelo lokuqala kunyango lweeplastiki zenkunkuma, eziququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo okulandelayo.
Iiplastiki ezilahlwayo ngexesha lokuveliswa kunye nokucutshungulwa kweeplastiki, ezifana nokushiya, iimveliso zangaphandle kunye neemveliso zenkunkuma, zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo, akukho ngcoliseko kunye nokuguga, kwaye zinokuqokelelwa kwaye ziqhutywe ngokwahlukileyo.
Inxalenye yenkunkuma yeplastiki ekhutshiweyo kwinkqubo yojikelezo inokuphinda isetyenziswe ngokwahlukileyo, njengefilimu yePVC yezolimo, ifilimu yePE, kunye nezixhobo zokushela intambo yePVC.
Uninzi lwenkunkuma yeplastiki yinkunkuma exubeneyo.Ukongeza kwiindidi ezintsonkothileyo zeplastiki, zikwaxutywe nezingcolisi ezahlukeneyo, iilebhile kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezidibeneyo.
Isinyathelo sesibini: ukutyumza kunye nokuhlelwa.
Xa inkunkuma yeplastiki ichithwa, i-crusher efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokwendalo yayo, njenge-single, i-double-shaft okanye i-crusher engaphantsi kwamanzi ngokobunzima bayo.Iqondo lokutyumza liyahluka kakhulu ngokweemfuno.Ubungakanani be-50-100mm bubuqhetseba obunzima, ubukhulu be-10-20mm bubuqhetseba obuhle, kunye nobukhulu obungaphantsi kwe-1mm bucolile.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlula, ezifana nendlela ye-electrostatic, indlela yemagnethi, indlela yokusefa, indlela yomoya, indlela ethile yomxhuzulane, indlela yokudada, indlela yokwahlula umbala, indlela yokwahlula i-X-reyi, indlela yokwahlula kufutshane ne-infrared, njl.
Inyathelo lesithathu: ukurisayikilishwa kwezixhobo.
Ubuchwephesha bokurisayikilisha beplastiki bubandakanya ikakhulu le miba ilandelayo:
1. Ukurisayikilishwa ngokuthe ngqo kweeplastiki zenkunkuma exutyiweyo
Iiplastiki zenkunkuma ezixubeneyo ziyi-polyolefins, kwaye iteknoloji yokubuyisela kwakhona ifundwe ngokubanzi, kodwa iziphumo azikho zikhulu.
2. Ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zeplastiki ekrwada
Ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwenkunkuma eqokelelweyo elula yeplastiki kwimathiriyeli ekrwada yeplastiki yeyona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi itekhnoloji yokurisayikilisha, isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiintlaka ze-thermoplastic.Imathiriyeli ekrwada ehlaziyiweyo yeplastiki inokusetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada yokupakisha, ulwakhiwo, izixhobo zezolimo nezemizi-mveliso.Abavelisi abahlukeneyo basebenzisa iteknoloji ephuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo kwinkqubo yokucubungula, enokunika iimveliso zokusebenza ezizodwa.
3. Ukwenziwa kweemveliso zeplastiki
Ukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ekhankanywe ngasentla yokucubungula imathiriyeli yeplastiki ekrwada, iiplastiki zenkunkuma ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo zenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiimveliso.Ngokubanzi, ziimveliso ezishinyeneyo ze-bi, ezinje ngeepleyiti okanye imivalo.
4. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ashushu
Iiplastiki zenkunkuma kwinkunkuma kamasipala ziyalungiswa kwaye zitshiswe ukwenza umphunga okanye ukuvelisa umbane.Itekhnoloji ikhulile ngokwentelekiso.Iziko lokutsha libandakanya iziko elijikelezayo, iziko elingaguqukiyo, kunye neziko elitshisayo.Ukuphuculwa kwegumbi lesibini lokutsha kunye nenkqubela phambili yobuchwepheshe bonyango lwegesi yomsila yenze ukuba ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yomsila yenkunkuma yeplastiki yokutshisa inkqubo yokubuyisela amandla kufikelele kumgangatho ophezulu.Inkunkuma yeplastiki yokutshisa ubushushu kunye nenkqubo yamandla ombane kufuneka yenze imveliso enkulu ukuze kufumaneke inzuzo yezoqoqosho.
5. Ukubasa
Ixabiso le-calorific yenkunkuma yeplastiki ingaba yi-25.08MJ / KG, eyona nto ifanelekileyo yokubasa.Ingenziwa ibe yifutha eqinileyo kunye nobushushu obufanayo, kodwa umxholo weklorini kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.4%.Indlela eqhelekileyo kukucola iiplastiki ezilahlwayo zibe ngumgubo ocolekileyo okanye umgubo owenziwe ngemicroni, uze udityaniswe ube ludaka lwefutha.Ukuba iplastiki yenkunkuma ayinayo iklorini, i-fuel ingasetyenziselwa kwiikhilo zesamente, njl.
6. Ukubola kwe-thermal ukwenza ioli
Uphando kule ndawo luyasebenza ngoku, kwaye i-oyile efunyenweyo ingasetyenziswa njengamafutha okanye izinto ezikrwada ekrwada.Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zezixhobo zokuchithwa kwe-thermal: eziqhubekayo kunye nokuyeka.Ubushushu bokubola yi-400-500℃, 650-700℃, 900℃ (i-co-decomposition ngamalahle) kunye ne-1300-1500℃ (i-partial combustion gasification).Itekhnoloji efana nokubola kwehydrogenation nazo ziphantsi kofundo.
06 Singamenzela ntoni uMama woMhlaba?
1.Nceda unciphise ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo, ezifana neetafile zeplastiki, iingxowa zeplastiki, njl njl. Ezi mveliso zeplastiki ezilahlwayo azikho nje ngokungathandekiyo kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kodwa zikwayinkcitho yemithombo.
2.Nceda uthathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo ekuhleleni inkunkuma, ubeke inkunkuma yeplastiki kwizikhongozeli zokuqokelela izinto ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, okanye uzise kwindawo yenkonzo yokudibanisa inethiwekhi ezimbini.ingaba uyazi?Ngetoni nganye yenkunkuma esetyenzisiweyo, iitoni ezi-6 zeoli zinokugcinwa kwaye iitoni ezi-3 zekharbon diokside zinokuncitshiswa.Ukongeza, ndinesikhumbuzo esincinci ekufuneka ndixelele wonke umntu: iiplastiki zenkunkuma ecocekileyo, ezomileyo, nezingangcolisekanga zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, kodwa ezinye zingcolisekile kwaye zixutywe nenye inkunkuma azikwazi ukuphinda zisetyenziswe!Umzekelo, iingxowa zeplastiki ezingcolisekileyo (ifilimu), iibhokisi zokutya okukhawulezayo ezilahlwayo ezithathwayo, kunye neengxowa zokupakisha ezingcolisekileyo kufuneka zifakwe kwinkunkuma eyomileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-09-2020