Ukuthuthukiswa okulandelanayo “kwe-plastic restriction order” kuzoshintsha ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo elahlwayo, futhi imboni yepulasitiki eyonakalayo iyakhula.Izinga lokukhula kwamabhizinisi okukhiqiza epulasitiki awonakele liyabonakala.Uma sithatha i-Hainan njengesibonelo, kusukela ngo-July kulo nyaka, wonke amabhizinisi okukhiqiza imikhiqizo yepulasitiki ebolayo angaboli abhalisiwe.Kodwa esixukwini, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukubona imakethe ," imingcele yepulasitiki "ekugcineni kuyini?Iyini ngempela ipulasitiki ewohlokayo?Kuze kube manje, intatheli ixoxisaneochwepheshe abafanelekile..
01
Elinye lamagama ashisa kakhulu embonini yepulasitiki lithi “degradable”.Yini ewohlokayo?Ingabe wonke amapulasitiki awonakele acekeleke phansi ukuze azwakale emvelweni?
Ochwepheshe:Amapulasitiki owonakaliswayo okukhulunywe ngawo emibonweni Yokuqinisa Kakhudlwana Ukulawulwa Kokungcola Kwepulasitiki (ngemuva kwalokhu okuzobizwa ngokuthi Imibono) noma Isaziso Sokuqhubeka Okuqinile Ekulawuleni Ukungcola Kwepulasitiki (okuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi Isaziso) sisho ukuthi izinto ezinjalo zingaba ngokuphelele. ezonakalisiwe futhi ziphilile ngokwemvelo lapho zilahliwe futhi zifaka inqubo yokulahla udoti ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezihambisanayo.Amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo emibhalweni abhekisela ekonakalisweni okubangelwa isenzo se-microbial emvelweni, njengenhlabathi, inhlabathi enesihlabathi, indawo enamanzi ahlanzekile, imvelo yamanzi olwandle, izimo ezithile ezinjengokwenza umquba noma ukugaya kwe-anaerobic, futhi ekugcineni ukuwohloka okuphelele ku-carbon dioxide (CO2) noma / kanye nosawoti we-mineralized inorganic of methane (CH4), amanzi (H2O) kanye nezakhi zawo, namapulasitiki e-biomass entsha njengezidumbu ezincane ezifile.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuwohloka kwento ngayinye ebolayo, okuhlanganisa nephepha, kudinga izimo ezithile zemvelo.Uma izimo zokuwohloka zingatholakali, ikakhulukazi izimo zokuphila ze-microorganisms, ukuchithwa kuzoba kancane kakhulu.Ngaso leso sikhathi, akuzona zonke izinto ezibolayo ezingawohloka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo zemvelo.Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwezinto ezibolayo kufanele kusekelwe ezimweni zazo zemvelo, kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo sezinto ngokwazo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi kuyizinto ezibolayo noma cha.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
- Abantu abaningi bacabanga izinto ezingaboli, nezinto zangempela ezingaboli, ziyizinto ezimbili.Abantu bacabanga ukuthi amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angashintsha yonke imisebenzi yamapulasitiki endabuko ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.Ngemva kokusetshenziswa, kubonakala sengathi kunoshintsho olungalulaza lokho ngokuphazima kweso.Lokhu kwehlisa isithunzi sekuphelile ngaphambi kokuthi kudale umonakalo.
- Isixazululo samanje sepulasitiki esonakele, sivele sihlanganise imiqondo eminingi, engaba khona kuphela esimweni esihle, impilo yangempela ayikho.
Ungahlulela kanjani ukuthi into ethile ingabola, amazwe ngamazwe futhi iChina ikhiphe uchungechunge lwezindlela zokuhlola.Ngenxa yokuthi ukucekelwa phansi kuhlobene nezimo zemvelo, izinto eziwohlokayo kufanele ziveze ngokucacile indawo lapho zingacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele emkhiqizweni, futhi zicacise ulwazi lwamazinga okukhiqiza, izinto zokwakha, izithako nokunye.Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziwohlokayo akusho ukuthi abathengi bakhululekile ukulahla imikhiqizo enjalo.Imikhiqizo enjalo kufanele ihlukaniswe futhi igaywe kabusha ngendlela efanayo, njengasemikhiqizweni yepulasitiki evamile, futhi igaywe kabusha futhi isetshenziswe kabusha ngokwemizila efanele yokulahlwa (okuhlanganisa ukugaywa kabusha okungokoqobo, ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali nokugaywa kabusha kwebhayoloji njengokwenza umquba) .Njengomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo elahlwayo, inqubo yokugaywa kabusha kanye nokulahlwa kwemfucuza, akunakugwenywa ukuthi ingxenye encane yohlelo lokulahla imfucuza evaliwe izovuza ngokungenaphutha endaweni ezungezile, kusetshenziswa izinto ezingaboli ngokuphelele, ngokwezinga elithile ingasetshenziswa njenge isilinganiso sokuvimbela.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
- "Ingxenye encane": I-China amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.200 okusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ngo-2019,13-300 amathani ayizigidi ezingama-2013-300 wokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki okonakele ngo-2019, ukuthi unganquma kanjani ukuthi lawo mapulasitiki ayingxenye encane yesigaba, indlela yokuxazulula le ngxenye encane ye inkinga?Kunzima.Cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokunembile.Ukwelashwa kokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinsiza, okungukuthi, umqondo womnotho ovaliwe womnotho oyindilinga.Lona "ingxenye enkulu" yamapulasitiki, futhi isixazululo "sengxenyeni encane" yamapulasitiki akufanele sithinte ngephutha isisombululo "sengxenye enkulu" yokungcoliswa kwamapulasitiki, okungukuthi, ukugaywa kabusha kwemishini, ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali, ukwenza umquba nokushiswa kwe-Burn. (sebenzisa amandla).Inkinga ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki akukhona ukuthi amapulasitiki awonakele, kodwa ukuthi amapulasitiki awagaywa kabusha.
- Okokuqala, kufanele sihlukanise phakathi kwepulasitiki eyonakaliswayo nezinto eziwohlokayo.Izinto eziwohlokayo kufanele futhi zihlukanise phakathi kwezinto zemvelo nezinto zokwenziwa.Izinto zemvelo zikhiqizwa imvelo, imvelo inamandla okudla (njenge-PHA), futhi ama-microbe emvelweni angawasebenzisa njengemithombo yokudla, abola futhi agaye, okuyizinto "zemvelo" ezibolayo ngempela.Kodwa-ke, amapulasitiki okwenziwa okonakaliswayo (isb. PBAT\PCL\PLA\PBS), okungama-aliphatic polyester, kufanele anciphe ngokwezinga elithile lokubola kwamakhemikhali (esterification) kuze kube sezingeni elithile ngaphambi kokuba asetshenziswe amagciwane futhi aqhubeke nokubola abe yizicucu. ama-molecule amancane, ukubola kwawo Kwasekuqaleni, amapulasitiki ahlukanayo angase abangele umonakalo omkhulu endaweni ezungezile—— microplastics.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki awonakele ahlanganiswe namapulasitiki endabuko, ukuze kubuyiswe amapulasitiki endabuko, ubunzima bokusungulwa kohlelo oluzimele lokuvuselela kabusha, izinto ezigaywe kabusha ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu kokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziwohlokayo, izinto eziwohlokayo azikwazi ukuqoqwa ngokuzimela, zixutshwe. ngamapulasitiki endabuko uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha, kuyinhlekelele enkulu.
- Isizathu sokungcoliswa okukhulu kwepulasitiki yendabuko ukuthi uhlelo, abantu, izindleko, amapulasitiki awonakalayo kulezi zindlela ezintathu, asikho isisombululo senkinga yokungcola, ayikwazi ukulindela amapulasitiki awonakele ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.
- Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki yendabuko akuyona inkinga yepulasitiki ngokwayo, kodwa inkinga yokusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele ngabantu, okuyinkinga yokuphatha.Ukusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa lwepulasitiki esikhundleni solunye alukwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.
- Azikho izitshalo ezigaywa kabusha zamapulasitiki awonakele eShayina, iziteshi ezizimele zokugaywa kabusha zidinga ukusungulwa, akekho othenga amapulasitiki awonakele, izingxenye opulasitiki bendabuko abangakwazi ukuziqoqa, namapulasitiki awonakele angeke aqoqwe.Engakwazi ukuqoqa, amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo angase angcolise indawo ezungezile ngokungaqinisekile kunoplastiki bendabuko.
03
Ingabe amapulasitiki abolayo angagaywa kabusha?Ungagaywa kanjani futhi usebenzise kabusha?Ngabe amapulasitiki abolayo angathinta ukutholwa kwamapulasitiki ajwayelekile?
Ochwepheshe:Manje umphakathi ungase ube nemibono eminingana eyiphutha mayelana namapulasitiki awonakele.Okokuqala, abanye abathengi bazophutha amapulasitiki angaboli ngokuwohloka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa noma emoyeni, okungenjalo.Ngenxa yokuthi amapulasitiki abolayo adinga ukubola ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele ezifana nezinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye ne-microorganism, ngeke abole ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa noma ukulondolozwa kwansuku zonke.Okwesibili, abanye abathengi bakholelwa nokuthi ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka kunoma iyiphi indawo, futhi akunjalo.Amapulasitiki abolayo anokuziphatha okuhlukile kokuwohloka ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezihlukene.Ukwengeza, ukucekelwa phansi kufanele kube Kufanele kube nezimo ezithile zemvelo zangaphandle.Njengamanje, amapulasitiki amaningi abolayo azowohloka enhlabathini, emanzini olwandle, kumquba nakwezinye izindawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokushisa nomswakama.Ngakho-ke, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi amapulasitiki abolayo, njengamapulasitiki endabuko, angagaywa kabusha kuqala bese esetshenziswa kabusha ngemva kokulahlwa, futhi ukugaywa kabusha kwebhayoloji noma kwamakhemikhali kunconywa kulabo okungelula ukugaywa kabusha noma okunzima ukugaywa kabusha.Ipulasitiki ebolayo ephilayo empeleni iyinhlobonhlobo ekhethekile yamapulasitiki, ukugaywa kabusha kwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwawo kuyafana namapulasitiki endabuko, kungaba ukugaywa kabusha ngokomzimba, okungukuthi, ukuncibilika kabusha nokucutshungulwa kabusha.Ukuthi nje ngenxa yokuthi iyakwazi ukubola, ingaphezulu kwePlastiki ingaphinda igaywe ngezindlela eziningi (njengokulahlwa kokwenza umquba), kuzicelo zefilimu yepulasitiki ngeke zisaphinda zigaywe kabusha.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
- Manje umphakathi ungase ube nemibono eminingana eyiphutha mayelana namapulasitiki awonakele.Izicelo zokuqala zepulasitiki ezibolayo manje sezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ukusonga imfucuza emasimini omquba ngoba ihlangabezana nezidingo ezintathu: a, iqoqwa nemfucuza yokudla esikhundleni sokuvuza endaweni ezungezile.b, kuyasiza ukusebenzisa kabusha insalela yokudla, kunomphumela omuhle.c, yenza kuphela ingxenye encane kakhulu yezinto ezingavuthiwe zomquba, ngeke ibe nomthelela wekhwalithi emikhiqizweni yomquba.
- Inkambu yokwenza umquba iyinkambu yokugaywa kabusha ukuze kusetshenziswe izinsiza.ukukhiqizwa komquba, hhayi insimu yokulahla imfucuza yepulasitiki, ngakho ukwenza umquba akusona isisombululo sokubhekana namapulasitiki angcolile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwamapulasitiki abolayo ngokuyinhloko yi-ester bond, okulula ukucekela phansi i-alkali noma i-asidi noma utshwala, ngakho-ke ingabuyiswa ngamakhemikhali uma iqhathaniswa nepulasitiki yendabuko.Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-monomer yokutakula indlela yokuthola kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha.Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-160 zepulasitiki zendabuko.Amapulasitiki angaboli, njengenye yawo, mancane kakhulu.Ngemva kokungena ohlelweni lokuvuselela kabusha, ngisho noma kungekho ukubuyiswa kwe-biological composting, ukubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali, ngeke kuthinte ukubuyiswa kwamapulasitiki endabuko.Ubunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zepulasitiki zendabuko ngeke zenze umehluko omkhulu ngenxa yezinhlobo eziningi zamapulasitiki awonakele.Izinhlelo zomuntu ngamunye zokugaywa kabusha, njengamabhodlela e-PET Ziningi izinto ze-PLA ohlelweni lokugaywa kabusha futhi kungenzeka ukwandisa ubunzima, kodwa uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwebhodlela le-PET luzoletha ubunzima ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela e-polyester amasha angaboli njengepulasitiki yendabuko. I-PBT, i-PEN.Kusistimu yokuhlunga yesimanje, indlela yokuhlunga ye-infrared ingasetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ukutholwa.Ngakho-ke le nkinga iwumbono ozimele kuphela wokuthi abanye abantu abakunaki ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bohlelo lokuqala lokugaywa kabusha.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
1.Ukuxuba okonakaliswayo kuyinhlekelele impela emakethe yokugaywa kabusha.Uma ipulasitiki eyonakalisayo ixubene kunoma iyiphi ipulasitiki yendabuko, ubunzima bokuhlunga buyokhula kakhulu futhi izinga lokuvuselela lizoncishiswa kakhulu.Konke ukugcizelela okuphindaphindiwe.(Ekuqaleni ukuhlunga kwepulasitiki kuyinkinga enzima, manje chaza ukuthi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngengeza inkimbinkimbi encane ayilutho, ngoba usuvele uyinkimbinkimbi. Le ncazelo, isitayela esincane saseMelika, ngoba ungase uthinte ukuphepha, ngakho uthinta ukuphepha, ngakho-ke vimbela. Lesi silinganiso siwukuthi intatheli yezezimali u-Baidu waphuma, ochwepheshe abafanelekile njengezingcweti zezinga lososayensi, ngeke basho amagama anjalo. Ngingu-We Baidu okwesikhashana, kukhona okuqukethwe okunjalo ngempela).
Inkinga yokuhlunga ibhodlela le-2.PET, empeleni, amapulasitiki awonakalayo awakhiqizi ukupakishwa kwamabhodlela.
3.Ukuthola kabusha kwamakhemikhali, okungavamile, kungase kungabi ngu-0.1%.Ngokombono, akuthinti ukubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali, kodwa kuthinta kakhulu ukubuyiswa komzimba.
4. Ukwenziwa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo, ithiyori nje, empeleni u-0.01% unzima kakhulu.Akukho ukugaywa kabusha, asikho isikhungo sokugaywa kabusha.
04
Yiziphi izindima zamapulasitiki abolayo ekuhlukaniseni udoti nasekugayweni kabusha?Ukuze kwenziwe incazelo yokuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kumapulasitiki abolayo abonakale ngokugcwele, yini engenziwa uhlelo lokuhlungwa nokulahlwa kukadoti?
Ochwepheshe:Ngokombono wokuklama nokusetshenziswa kwawo, amapulasitiki aguquguqukayo asetshenziswa esimweni sokulahlwa kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo zemikhiqizo elahlayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo nokuxubana nemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, noma esimweni sokuthola kanzima ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yefilimu yepulasitiki.Umsebenzi wayo we-biodegradation ungabonakala ngokugcwele.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho noma amazwe athuthukile njengeYurophu ne-United States eye asezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni nasekulahlweni kukadoti, okunye ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki kuyohlale kudedelwa ngokungaqondile noma ngamabomu endaweni engokwemvelo.Uma le ngxenye yomkhiqizo ingathathelwa indawo amapulasitiki angaboli, futhi inganciphisa ingozi yokungcoliswa kwemvelo.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki abolayo kungabuye kubhekwe njengokugwema Isinyathelo sokuvimbela ukungcolisa imvelo ngemva kokuba imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ikhishwe ngokungenhloso ngaphandle kwesistimu kadoti evaliwe.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
Ukucekelwa phansi kudinga indawo ezungezile, indlela yokuvumela amapulasitiki angaboli akhishelwe endaweni ezungezile angene ohlelweni olunokonakala kwendawo, kudingeka kuxoxwe ngawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kokuhlukaniswa kukadoti kanye nesistimu yokulahla e-China, ukulungiswa kwefomula yesikhwama sikadoti wepulasitiki e-biodegradable kungaxazulula ukucindezeleka komuntu siqu kwenhlanzeko okubangelwa isidingo sokuphula isikhwama ngenkuthalo.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
Amapulasitiki angawohloka afaneleka ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kuphela, musa ukwandisa ngokungaboni, njengomkhiqizo omusha, umshayeli wendiza usaqhubeka, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi, ingozi ingathatha iminyaka engu-2-3 ukuze iqhume ekusebenzeni.
Eminye imibiko isho ukuthi amapulasitiki angaboli akhiqiza izingozi zesibili njengama-dioxin lapho eshiswa uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki endabuko.Kodwa empeleni, amapulasitiki abolayo angelinye lamapulasitiki endabuko, futhi ayikho i-chlorine esakhiweni sawo se-polymer.I-Dioxin ayikhiqizwa lapho ishisiwe.Ngisho namapulasitiki endabuko, njengezikhwama zokuthenga ezivamile, ikakhulukazi izinto ze-polyethylene.Iketango layo lamamolekyuli nalo alinayo i-chlorine, ngisho noma lishisiwe ngeke likhiqize i-dioxin.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-polyester yamapulasitiki abolayo anquma ukuthi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephilayo eketangeni eliyinhloko kuphansi kunepulasitiki yendabuko efana ne-polyethylene, futhi kulula ukuvutha ngokuphelele lapho ishisiwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokukhathazeka ngokuthi i-biodegradation Ipulasitiki ikhipha amagesi ayingozi kakhulu ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, kodwa izindawo eziningi zokulahla imfucumfucu manje zisebenzisa amadivaysi aqoqa i-biogas ukuze athole amandla ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu.Ngisho noma kungekho ukululama, kunezinyathelo ezihambisanayo zokukhishwa kwe-biogas ye-organic landfill.Asikho isisekelo sokucatshangwa ukuthi izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu zizoba yingozi nakakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi okuqukethwe okuqinile kwamapulasitiki ezindaweni zokulahla kungaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-7 nokuthi amapulasitiki abolayo okwamanje angaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa lamapulasitiki endabuko.
Imicabango yoMhleli:
Ngaphansi kwe-1 manje, akusho ukuthi kusizinda esinjalo sokutshala izimali esiphambene, isilinganiso saso ngeke sikhuphuke, ngombono omile wokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamapulasitiki awonakalisayo, lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe.(Ngokungafani nochwepheshe ngokwabo, njengezintatheli)
- Indawo yokulahla udoti iyindlela yokulahla udoti.Okuthunyelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu ikakhulukazi ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwazo endaweni ezungezile kunokucabangela ukusetshenziswa kwazo kabusha, ngakho akubalulekile ukuthi lokho okuthunyelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu kungaboli.Eqinisweni, uma inani elikhulu lezinto ezibolayo eziphilayo zithunyelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu yesistimu yokuqoqwa kwegesi ye-methane, kuzodala ukungcola okwengeziwe.Ngenxa yokwelashwa kwendawo yokulahla imfucumfucu eyonakalisayo, ukukhishwa kwemvelo kukhulu kakhulu kunokwamapulasitiki omdabu.
- Esu lembulunga yonke lokuxazulula izinto ezingcolisa ipulasitiki, iYurophu, i-United States, iJapan ayisebenzisi amapulasitiki awonakele njengesu lokuxazulula izinto ezingcolisa ipulasitiki, amapulasitiki awonakele ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amapulasitiki ahlanganiswayo, mhlawumbe anegama elifanele, umphakathi ungakuqonda kangcono lokho okushiwo. .
Ekugcineni:Inhloso yaleli phepha ukubeka phambili imibuzo osomabhizinisi abasebenza emkhakheni wokugaywa kabusha nokuvuselela kabusha abafuna ukuyibeka phambili.Njengomzalwane oholayo emkhakheni wepulasitiki eyonakaliswayo, ochwepheshe abafanelekile baqinile kakhulu, baphendula ngokungathí sina ukukhathazeka kwazo zonke izici zomphakathi, futhi babeke phambili izinkinga ezithile ezingokoqobo emkhakheni wepulasitiki eyonakalisayo.Abaningi bamalungu abo bangase baphikisane nale mibono ngoba ochwepheshe bakhuluma iqiniso.Ukucabanga koMhleli, hhayi ngokombono wochwepheshe akuvumi, bafuna ukuqala ngombono obambekayo, kuholela ekucabangeni okujulile, emithonjeni yezindaba. ayikwazi ukuveza umbono, kwabezindaba zenethiwekhi yochwepheshe, sisebenzisa indlela yokucabanga, Ithemba lokubangela ingxoxo phakathi kochwepheshe nezazi.Ukwenziwa kwezimboni kwezizukulwane ezintathu zokuqala zamapulasitiki agugulekayo kuhlulekile, okushiya umbono omubi embonini, ngethemba lokuthi isizukulwane sesine singaphumelela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-19-2020