Sekuyisikhathi eside izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimpilweni zabahlali.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamafomethi amasha afana ne-e-commerce, ukulethwa kwe-express, kanye ne-takeaway, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhokisi epulastiki esidlo sasemini kanye nokufakwa kwepulasitiki kukhuphuke ngokushesha, okubangele ukucindezela okusha Kwensiza kanye nemvelo.Ukulahlwa okungahleliwe kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kuzodala “ukungcola okumhlophe”, futhi kunezingozi zemvelo ekuphathweni okungafanele kwemfucuza yepulasitiki.Ngakho-ke, kungakanani okwaziyo ngezisekelo zamapulasitiki angcolile?
01 Yini ipulasitiki?Ipulasitiki iwuhlobo lwenhlanganisela ephezulu yamangqamuzana, okuyitemu elijwayelekile lokugcwaliswa, okwenziwe ngepulasitiki, okunemibala kanye nezinye izinto zokwakha ezishisayo, futhi iyingxenye yomndeni wama-polymers angamamolekyuli aphezulu.
02 Ukuhlukaniswa kwamapulasitiki Ngokwezici zepulasitiki ngemuva kokubunjwa, ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili zamapulasitiki ezibonakalayo:i-thermoplastic kanye ne-thermosetting.I-Thermoplastic iwuhlobo lwe-chain linear molecule, ethambisayo ngemva kokushisisa futhi ingaphindaphinda umkhiqizo izikhathi eziningi.Ipulasitiki ye-thermosetting inesakhiwo samangqamuzana enethiwekhi, okuba yi-deformation unomphela ngemva kokucubungula ukushisa futhi ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ikopishwe.
03 Yiziphi izipulasitiki ezijwayelekile empilweni?
Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki evamile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polystyrene (PS), i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ne-polyester (PET).Ukusetshenziswa kwabo:
Amapulasitiki e-polyethylene (PE, kuhlanganise ne-HDPE ne-LDPE) avame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha;Ipulasitiki ye-Polypropylene (PP) ivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha namabhokisi okubuyisela, njll.;Ipulasitiki ye-Polystyrene (PS) ivame ukusetshenziswa njengama-cushions e-foam namabhokisi okudla okusheshayo kwasemini, njll.;Ipulasitiki ye-Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ivame ukusetshenziswa njengamathoyizi, iziqukathi, njll.;Ipulasitiki ye-polyester (PET) ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela esiphuzo, njll.
Ipulasitiki ikhona yonke indawo
04 Yashonaphi yonke imfucuza yepulasitiki?Ngemuva kokuthi upulasitiki ulahliwe, kunezindawo ezine zokushiswa, ukulahlwa kwemfucuza, ukugaywa kabusha, nendawo yemvelo.Umbiko wocwaningo owashicilelwa ku-Science Advances ngu-Roland Geyer no-Jenna R. Jambeck ngo-2017 wabonisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2015, abantu bakhiqize amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.3 zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki eminyakeni engu-70 edlule, amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6.3 alahlwa.Cishe u-9% wawo ugaywa kabusha, u-12% uyashiswa, kanti u-79% ugcwele imfucumfucu noma ulahliwe.
Amapulastiki yizinto ezenziwe umuntu okunzima ukuzonakalisa futhi zibole kancane kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo.Uma ingena endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, ithatha iminyaka engaba ngu-200 kuya ku-400 ukwehlisa isithunzi, okuzonciphisa amandla okulahla imfucuza;uma ishiswe ngokuqondile, izodala ukungcoliswa kwesibili okubi kwemvelo.Lapho ipulasitiki ishiswa, akugcini nje ukukhiqiza umusi omkhulu omnyama, kodwa futhi ama-dioxin akhiqizwa.Ngisho nasembonini yokushiswa kwemfucuza echwepheshile, kuyadingeka ukulawula ngokuqinile izinga lokushisa (ngaphezulu kuka-850°C), futhi uqoqe umlotha wempukane ngemva kokushiswa, futhi ekugcineni uwuqinise ukuze ulahlwe.Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho igesi ekhishwa isikhungo sokushiswa ingahlangabezana nezinga le-EU 2000 , Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Udoti uqukethe inqwaba yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki, futhi ukushiswa okuqondile kulula ukukhiqiza i-dioxin, i-carcinogen enamandla.
Uma zishiywa endaweni yemvelo, ngaphezu kokubangela ukungcola okubonakalayo kubantu, zizophinde zibangele izingozi eziningi ezingase zibe khona emvelweni: isibonelo, 1. zithinte ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo.Isikhathi sokuwohloka kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki esetshenziswa njengamanje ezweni lethu ngokuvamile sithatha iminyaka engama-200.Amafilimu ezolimo angcolile kanye nezikhwama zepulasitiki endaweni yokulima zishiywa ensimini isikhathi eside.Imfucuza yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ixutshwa enhlabathini bese inqwabelana ngokuqhubekayo, okuzophazamisa ukumuncwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba yizitshalo futhi kuvimbele ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo.Ukuthuthukiswa, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwesivuno kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo yomhlabathi.2. Usongo ekusindeni kwezilwane.Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki elahlwa emhlabathini noma emanzini igwinywa izilwane, okuholela ekufeni kwazo.
Imikhomo eyafa ngokudla ngephutha izikhwama zepulasitiki ezingama-80 (enesisindo esingu-8 kg)
Nakuba imfucuza yepulasitiki iyingozi, ayiyona "enyanyekayo".Amandla ayo okucekela phansi ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe nezinga eliphansi lokugaywa kabusha.Amapulastiki angakwazi ukugaywa kabusha futhi asetshenziswe kabusha njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokwenza amapulasitiki, izinto zokuphehla ukushisa nokukhiqiza amandla kagesi, ukuguqula imfucuza ibe umcebo.Lena indlela ekahle kakhulu yokulahla imfucuza yepulasitiki.
05 Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki alahlwayo?
Isinyathelo sokuqala: iqoqo elihlukene.
Lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala ekwelapheni imfucuza plastic, okuyinto lula ukusetshenziswa kwawo okwalandela.
Amapulasitiki alahlwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa nokucubungula amapulasitiki, njengokusala, imikhiqizo yangaphandle kanye nemikhiqizo yemfucuza, anenhlobonhlobo eyodwa, akukho ukungcola nokuguga, futhi angaqoqwa futhi acutshungulwe ngokwehlukana.
Ingxenye yepulasitiki yemfucuza ekhishwe ohlelweni lokujikeleza ingaphinda isetshenziswe kabusha ngokuhlukana, njengefilimu yezolimo ye-PVC, ifilimu ye-PE, nezinto zokushelela ikhebula le-PVC.
Amapulasitiki amaningi alahlwa yimfucuza exubile.Ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamapulasitiki, zibuye zixutshwe nokungcola okuhlukahlukene, amalebula kanye nezinto ezihlukahlukene eziyinhlanganisela.
Isinyathelo sesibili: ukuchotshozwa nokuhlunga.
Lapho ipulasitiki yemfucuza ichotshozwa, i-crusher efanelekile kufanele ikhethwe ngokuvumelana nemvelo yayo, njenge-crusher eyodwa, i-double-shaft noma ngaphansi kwamanzi ngokusho kokuqina kwayo.Izinga lokuchoboza liyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezidingo.Usayizi we-50-100mm ukuchotshozwa okuqinile, usayizi we-10-20mm ukuchotshozwa kahle, futhi usayizi ongaphansi kwe-1mm ukuchotshozwa kahle.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa, ezifana nendlela ye-electrostatic, indlela kazibuthe, indlela yokusefa, indlela yomoya, indlela ethile yamandla adonsela phansi, indlela yokuntanta, indlela yokuhlukanisa imibala, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-X-ray, indlela yokuhlukanisa eseduze ne-infrared, njll.
Isinyathelo sesithathu: ukugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza.
Ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kadoti ikakhulukazi buhlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
1. Ukugaywa kabusha okuqondile kwamapulasitiki emfucuza exubile
Amapulasitiki emfucuza axubile ikakhulukazi ama-polyolefin, futhi ubuchwepheshe bayo bokuphinda busetshenziswe sebufundwe kabanzi, kodwa imiphumela ayimihle.
2. Ukucubungula kube izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki
Ukucutshungulwa kabusha okuqoqiwe kukadoti wepulasitiki olula kube izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki kuwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu bokugaywa kabusha, obusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ama-thermoplastic resins.Izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki ezigaywe kabusha zingasetshenziswa njengempahla yokupakisha, yokwakha, yezolimo neyezimboni.Abakhiqizi abahlukene basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obuzimele ohlelweni lokucubungula, olunganikeza imikhiqizo ukusebenza okuyingqayizivele.
3. Ukucubungula kube yimikhiqizo yepulasitiki
Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obalulwe ngenhla ekucubunguleni izinto zokusetshenziswa zepulasitiki, amapulasitiki afanayo noma ahlukene alahlwayo akhiwa ngokuqondile abe yimikhiqizo.Ngokuvamile, ziyimikhiqizo ye-bi ewugqinsi, njengamapuleti noma imigoqo.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ashisayo
Amapulasitiki okulahlwa kudoti kamasipala ayahlungwa futhi ashiswe ukuze aphehle isitimu noma aphehle ugesi.Ubuchwepheshe sebukhulile uma kuqhathaniswa.Izithando zomlilo zihlanganisa izithando ezijikelezayo, izithando ezigxiliwe, nezithando zomlilo ezishisayo.Ukwenziwa ngcono kwegumbi lesibili lokuvutha kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bokwelapha igesi yomsila kwenze ukukhishwa kwegesi yomsila yesistimu yokubuyisela amandla okushiswa kwepulasitiki engcolile kufinyelele izinga eliphezulu.Ukushisa kokushiswa kwemfucuza yamapulasitiki kanye nesistimu yamandla kagesi kumele yakhe ukukhiqizwa okukhulu ukuze kutholwe izinzuzo zezomnotho.
5. Ukufuthelana
Ivelu ye-calorific ye-waste plastic ingaba ngu-25.08MJ/KG, okungamafutha afanelekile.Ingenziwa ibe uphethiloli oqinile ngokushisa okufanayo, kodwa okuqukethwe kwe-chlorine kufanele kulawulwe ngaphansi kuka-0.4%.Indlela evamile iwukugxoba amapulasitiki okulahlwayo abe yimpushana ecolekile noma impushana encane, bese ihlanganiswa ibe udaka ukuze kube uphethiloli.Uma ipulasitiki yemfucuza ingenayo i-chlorine, uphethiloli ungasetshenziswa kuhhavini likasimende, njll.
6. Ukubola okushisayo ukwenza amafutha
Ucwaningo kule ndawo okwamanje luyasebenza, futhi uwoyela otholiwe ungasetshenziswa njengophethiloli noma izinto ezingahluziwe.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemishini yokubola okushisayo: okuqhubekayo nokungaqhubeki.Izinga lokushisa lokubola liyi-400-500 ℃, 650-700 ℃, 900 ℃ (ukubola ngokubambisana ngamalahle) kanye ne-1300-1500 ℃ (ingxenye yokuvutha kwegesi).Ubuchwepheshe obufana nokubola kwe-hydrogenation nabo buyacwaningwa.
06 Yini esingayenzela uMama woMhlaba?
1.Sicela unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlayo, efana ne-plastic tableware, izikhwama zepulasitiki, njll. Le mikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlayo ayihambisani nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi imosha izinsiza.
2.Sicela ubambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekuhlukaniseni udoti, ubeke amapulasitiki okulahlwayo ezitsheni ezigaywa kabusha, noma uwalethe endaweni yesevisi yokuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi amabili.Ingabe uyazi?Kuwo wonke amathani amapulasitiki alahlwa kabusha, amathani ayisi-6 kawoyela angagcinwa futhi amathani ama-3 esikhutha angancishiswa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, nginesikhumbuzo esincane okufanele ngisitshele wonke umuntu: amapulasitiki emfucumfucu ahlanzekile, omile, futhi angangcolisiwe angagaywa kabusha, kodwa amanye angcolile futhi axutshwe nomunye udoti awakwazi ukugaywa kabusha!Isibonelo, izikhwama zepulasitiki ezingcolile (ifilimu), amabhokisi okudla okusheshayo alahlwayo azothathwa, kanye nezikhwama zokupakisha ezingcolile ezingcolile kufanele zifakwe kudoti owomile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-09-2020